The rationale of this research is to study about the potential of rooftop rainwater harvesting as an alternative approach to sustainable water supply in addis ababa, ethiopia. Socioeconomic activities such asagriculture which is the main stay of ethiopias economy, energy and water supply, human health, etc are also very sensitive to climate variations. Ethiopian rainwater harvesting association erha secretariat, addis. Associate professor and president, mekelle university, mekelle, ethiopia abstract in northern ethiopia, water scarcity is a key factor. Integrated rainwater harvesting practices and household. Environmental, health and socioeconomic impacts mintesinot behailu1 and mitiku haile2 1. It stresses the importance of investing in better soil health and conservation of. The high competition for water and land has led to scarcity of water resources, and it has also threatened the worlds food security. And, families with access to water at home are betterequipped to maintain their own health and the viability of their crops.
Upon approval, the columbia water center cwc team at the earth institute, columbia university, focused on planning a visit to the. Assessment of best practises and experience in water harvesting rainwater harvesting handbook african development bank. Critchley w, siegert k, chapman c 1991 a manual for the design and construction of. Rainwater harvesting initiatives have helped those facing drought in india, china and mexico and could be the answer to improving water quality in ethiopia on a widespread basis. Where we work in tigray, farming grain crops supports sustenance and livelihoods. The guidelines are based on findings from the authors recent study published as. Abstract introducing water harvesting technology is expected to be more effective and last longer if. Rainwater harvesting is one of the environmentally sound systems of gaining water. The compilation of the information in this paper is not limited to areas or practices within the nile basin but also to all parts of the country. Ilri workshop, march 1416, addis ababa, ethiopia page 1 roles, constraints and opportunities of small scale irrigation and water harvesting in ethiopian agricultural development. Historically, water harvesting in ethiopia dates back to 560 bc, where rainwater was harvested and stored in ponds for agricultural and water supply purposes. The policy angle will engage stakeholders from governments and ingos and discuss how to.
Initiating urban water harvesting in kenya with the objective of broadening the prospect and outreach of the network for green water harvesting in eastern and southern africa, a three member cse team visited kenya from august 25, 2003 to september 2, 2003. One method of improving water quality in ethiopia is to implement rainwater harvesting techniques. Irc usaids strategic approach integrates traditional humanitarian activities with broader development strategies, meeting emergency wash needs while simultaneously increasing investments to promote sustainable water. Runoff may be harvested from roofs and ground surfaces as well as from intermittent or ephemeral watercourses. After visiting ethiopia and seeing people forced to walk miles every day for water, an italian designer set his mind to creating a simple solution to provide clean water for any mountainous village. Shanmugham2 introduction rainwater harvesting is undertaken mainly to capture the run off from the seasonal rains and store it for use in times of need. A case study of rainwater harvesting for domestic, livestock, environmental and agricultural use in kusa by orodi odhiambo, alex oduor and. The history of rainwater harvesting practices in ethiopia dates back as early as 560 bc, during the axumite kingdom. Experiences from central ethiopia utilization of rainwater harvesting technology is not only an alternative. Turning finance into services for 2015 and beyond 1. Also, over 90% of the food supply comes from rain fed small holder agriculture, although there is an increase of largescale irrigated. While access has increased substantially with funding from foreign aid, much still remains to be done to achieve the millennium development goal of halving the share of people without access to water and sanitation by 2015, to improve sustainability and to improve service quality. Rainwater harvesting to improve livelihoods in ethiopia. A field experiment was conducted in 20 and 2014 in the gule subwatershed, northern ethiopia to study the effect of combining insitu water harvesting techniques on onsite water regime, i.
Amazing towers in ethiopia harvest clean water from thin. Apr, 2014 after visiting ethiopia and seeing people forced to walk miles every day for water, an italian designer set his mind to creating a simple solution to provide clean water for any mountainous village. Improving onsite water availability by combining insitu. Water harvesting in its broadest sense can be defined as the collection of runoff for its productive use. Policy, knowhow and training on rainwater harvesting rwh and will be organised in ethiopia, from the 1st until the 12th of june 2015. Thus, there is now increasing interest to the low cost alternative. Adapting to climate change through land and water management. Assessment of best practises and experience in water. Harvested rainwater was used for agricultural and water supply purpose.
The exposure of the author to various parts of ethiopia in matters related to water harvesting, watershed management and small scale irrigation is also reflected. Water harvesting techniques gather water from an area termed the catchment area and channel it to the cropping area or wherever it is required. In this publication, a kinematicwave approach was applied to model overland flow and the inducement and collection of surface runoff. Water harvesting is a traditional conservation technique, and there is general agreement that conserving water will promote agricultural production, especially in arid and semiarid regions. Part of our work is to fulfill this mission in ethiopia.
Rainwater harvesting, gis, central rift valley, ethiopia. This component of the evaluation focused on analyzing the policy and strategy environment in which the water. Aspects of fog water harvesting requiring further research and. The case of alaba woreda, ethiopia rebeka amha ilri, addis ababa, ethiopia. The potential for water harvesting in the upper blue nile basin was assessed using two gisbased multicriteria evaluation methods.
Water resources of ethiopia california state university. Likewise, there is the possibility of increased financing for the further improvement of cultivation methods, the. In many drylands, erratic and sparse rainfall often combine with arid. A field experiment was conducted in 20 and 2014 in the gule subwatershed, northern ethiopia to study the effect of combining in situ water harvesting techniques on onsite water regime, i. It is bordered by sudan and south sudan in the west. Hoering 4 each week prolonging the availability of water beyond the rainy season possibly provides more security and better earnings. Ethiopia is located in africas horn where drought and politics are two leading causes of water shortage. Water harvesting critchley and siegerts technical manual for fao. Water demand analysis and irrigation requirement for major crops at holetta catchment, awash subbasin, ethiopia mahtsente tibebe holetta agricultural research center, p. Symposium rainwater harvesting assessed from three angles. Rooftop rainwater harvesting as an alternative approach of. Rain harvesting to improve water quality in ethiopia.
These days, the construction of ponds and wells aims to make water available to irrigate and produce higher value crops, as well as provide water for livestock and household use. The storage is made on the ground surface or underground, depending upon. Extreme rainfall variability has been one of the major factors to famine and environmental degradation in ethiopia. Suitability of water harvesting in the upper blue nile. Women and girls have to travel huge distances to fetch water, and they are unable to go to school or participate. Water harvesting technologies a challenge to ethiopia.
Alternatively, in the absence of the required data, a runoffdepth model based. This is part of an external evaluation of oxfam americas program in ethiopia on water for productive use. Recent development in water harvesting practices in ethiopia. The scarcity of water in ethiopia is a dire situation in need of relief. Overview of the ethiopian rainwater harvesting association. Water resources management in ethiopia description continued in this study, the editors address these and other issues surrounding water resources management in all economic and water sectors in ethiopia within the setting of the nile basin, the first comprehensive treatment of this subject. The program has been operating in ethiopia since 2010 and this evaluation covers the work undertaken between 201020. United nations office for the coordination of humanitarian affairs ochaethiopia. Addis ababa, december 2003 the united nations office for coordination of humanitarian affairs ocha in ethiopia released a field mission report on the experiences of waterharvesting in tigray. Overview of the ethiopian rainwater harvesting association erha. Addis ababa, december 2003 the united nations office for coordination of humanitarian affairs ocha in ethiopia released a field mission report on the experiences of water harvesting in tigray. Since then the country has made tremendous progress in fighting poverty, with the expansion of clean water sources serving as a major driver. The farmers use manual labor rather than treadle pump.
In addition to the field observations and information gathered during the assessment in south sudan, a range of literature sources related to best practices and lessons learned on water harvesting and peacebuilding initiatives in neighbour. Efficient water use for agricultural production ewuap. Project goals included building sand dams and storage tanks to ensure access to safe drinking water and water for productive use in the short and longterm for communities. Water security in the 21 st century 2 water harvesting the history of water harvesting in ethiopia dated back as early as the pre axumite period 560 bc. According to a recently published report of the world bank, estimates of freshwater per capita1 of ethiopia for the year 2000 was 1711 cubic meters. Water harvesting techniques, which harvest runoff from roofs or ground surfaces fall under the term rainwater harvesting while all systems which collect discharges from watercourses are grouped under the term floodwater harvesting 1. Sustainable water harvesting projects for livestock water. Rainwaterharvesting, food security, propensity score matching, logistic regression. It focuses on the household level, where most adaptation and coping strategies are implemented. Excess soil water can be removed by subsurface drainage but, in rainwater harvesting, this water is stored and conserved. It also concludes that use of rainwater harvesting ponds has a positive impact on household farm income.
Ilri workshop, march 1416, addis ababa, ethiopia page 1 roles, constraints and opportunities of small scale irrigation and water harvesting in ethiopian agricultural. Access to water supply and sanitation in ethiopia is amongst the lowest in subsaharan africa and the entire world. Erha recognises the need and the mutual benefits gained from joining efforts with. During rains, the portion of the water which falls on nwater harvesting. News from africa rainwater harvesting solution to water. Overview of the ethiopian rainwater harvesting association iwmi.
In situ water harvesting techniques such as tied ridges and mulching improve water availability over time and may improve crop yield. Increasing water access in ethiopia fiscal year 2011, the usaid rapid response program benefited more than 400,000 people. Dec 22, 2016 one method of improving water quality in ethiopia is to implement rainwater harvesting techniques. Rainwater harvesting in rural areas our field experiences1. Guemse teklehaymanot 2017 indicated that among farmers, there was a 24% increase of children joining school.
Globally speaking, most people know ethiopia because of news reports on its frequent drought and food scarcity. The manual labor was supplied by the local administrations through the food for. Water harvesting for multiple use in ethiopia mustrain 3 roles of partners the irc international water and sanitation centre is a thinkand do tank focused on the wash and iwrm sectors but with a strong interest in crosssectoral approaches to development and a background as a founder member of the mus group. Fogera plain, north western ethiopia a project paper presented to the faculty of the graduate school of cornell university in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of professional studies mps by getachew ewonetu january 20. The manual labor was supplied by the local administrations through the foodfor.
Economic analysis of water harvesting technologies in ethiopia. Rainwater harvesting in rural areas our field experiences1 c. Drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in ethiopia we. The lack of clean water resources in ethiopia cause widespread issues including. Water resources management in ethiopia description continued in this study, the editors address these and other issues surrounding water resources management in all economic and water sectors in ethiopia within the setting of the nile basin, the first comprehensive treatment of. However, water withdrawn for agriculture represents only an estimated four percent of the overall countrys available renewable water resources. Assessment of adoption and impact of rainwater harvesting.
Our main natural resources namely water, forest, biodiversity, agricultural land, energy, etc are very much the reflection of the climate we have. Federal democratic republic of ethiopia ministry of water resources national meteorological services agency initial national communication of ethiopia to the united nations framework convention on climate change unfccc june 2001 addis ababa, ethiopia. In the oromiya and southern nations, nationalities and peoples regions of ethiopia, there is limited access to drinking water and basic sanitation. In this symposium rwh will be assessed from three angles.
Ethiopia is blessed with water resources, but the irony of drought, famine, and water related preventable diseases in the land of plenty is a mind boggling and bitter fact we have become used to. In those days, rainwater was harvested and stored in ponds. Rainfall, runoff, semiarid ethiopia, soil moisture, water harvesting. This thesis examines the economic aspects of water harvesting by exploring. Roles, constraints and opportunities of small scale. Ethiopia is a landlocked country located in the horn of africa. Assistant professor and vice president, mekelle university, mekelle, ethiopia 2. The new publication, impacts of rainwater harvesting. A gis feasibility study ethiopia is a populous country in eastern africa that has three of the major tributaries to the nile river, which contribute about 86% of the combined nile water flow into the aswan dam, but ethiopia receives only 1% of that water reserve. Overview of the ethiopian rainwater harvesting association erha meselech seyoum ethiopian rainwater harvesting association erha secretariat, addis ababa, ethiopia background the global concern water is a finite and limited resource upon which human wellbeing and socioeconomic development depend. Household level rainwater harvesting in the drylands of northern ethiopia. Rain water harvesting, food security, propensity score matching, logistic regression.
In 1990, ethiopia emerged from civil war as one of the least developed and most impoverished countries in the world. Assessment of best practises and experience in water harvesting. The ethiopian rainwater harvesting association erha aimed to promote rainwater harvesting among at least 10 communities approximately 2 000 people in southern ethiopia. They combine two or three standard ponds into one use two plastic. Ethiopia about the most important terms and conditions to incentivize farmers to. As reported by various news outlets, nearly 75 percent of ethiopias 83 million people do not have access to clean drinking water making water contamination the leading cause of illness in the country. A rain water harvesting system for mai misham school, ethiopia background. Water demand analysis and irrigation requirement for major. With a population of about 83 million people, spanning 472,000 square miles. Introduction ethiopia has a total population of 73.
Contaminated water leads to death and disease, and harvests are entirely dependent on rainfall, which is why they are insufficient. Assessment of selected water harvesting structures in south sudan. Amazing towers in ethiopia harvest clean water from thin air. In this paper we take a birds eye view at the technical aspects of development of water resources, from direct use of surface waters to tapping of groundwater. Sustainable water harvesting projects for livestock water in.
Contractual arrangements are created by combining the above listed. In many cases, roads cause flooding and water logging along the way, whereas the. Box 31, holetta, ethiopia birhanu zemadim international crops research institute for the semi arid tropics icrisat, icrisat bamako abstract. Throughout this paper we have relied heavily on the ethiopian experience as the source of our examples because ethiopia typifies the conditions of many developing countries in terms of. While ethiopia has relatively abundant water resources, it is considered water stressed due to rapid population growth over the last decade. And indeed, drought conditions rainfall failure prevail more frequently in this country than in most others. Federal democratic republic of ethiopia ministry of water. Conservation techniques conserve water within the biomass and the soil by reducing runoff and keeping the water where it falls, as much as possible. Water harvesting techniques, which harvest runoff from roofs or ground surfaces fall under. Impacts of rainwaterharvesting and socio economic factors. The experience of water harvesting in the drylands of ethiopia. Drinking water, sanitation and hygiene in ethiopia we are water. Introduction the african ministers council on water amcow commissioned the production of a second round of country status overviews csos to better understand what underpins progress in water supply and sanitation and what its member.
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